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© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 12/2016, s. 883-885
*Katarzyna Bornikowska1, Jadwiga Słowińska-Srzednicka2, Wojciech Jeske2
Diagnosis and treatment of Kallmann syndrome in women – a challenge for the endocrinologist
Rozpoznanie i leczenie zespołu Kallmanna u kobiet – wyzwaniem dla endokrynologów
1Department of Endocrinology, Bielański Hospital, Warsaw
Head of Department: Professor Wojciech Zgliczyński, MD, PhD
2Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielański Hospital, Warsaw
Head of Department: Professor Wojciech Zgliczyński, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Zespół Kallmanna jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn wrodzonego hipogonadyzmu hipogonadotropowego będącego następstwem deficytu wydzielania neurohormonu GnRH. Charakteryzują go: opóźnienie dojrzewania, niepłodność oraz brak lub osłabienie węchu. Ponadto mogą współistnieć inne zaburzenia rozwojowe (np. rozszczep podniebienia, wady nerek, serca, układu kostnego). Rozpoznanie zespołu Kallmanna jest wyzwaniem u nastolatek i młodych dorosłych kobiet, szczególnie trudne jest różnicowanie z konstytucjonalnie opóźnionym wzrastaniem i dojrzewaniem. Diagnostyka opiera się głównie na oznaczeniu stężenia: gonadotropin, hormonów płciowych, hormonu antymüllerowskiego (AMH) oraz inhibiny B. Genetyczne uwarunkowanie udaje się potwierdzić jedynie w 20-30% przypadków. Istotą leczenia jest indukcja pokwitania oraz zwiększenie szans na posiadanie potomstwa.
Summary
Kallmann syndrome is one of the most common causes of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by deficient production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The disorder is characterised by an absence of puberty, infertility and defective sense of smell. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be associated with other developmental anomalies such us cleft palate, renal agenesis, skeletal and heart anomalies. Kallmann syndrome can be challenging to diagnose in adolescent and young adult women, especially when attempting to differentiate it from constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Diagnosis is based on hormonal analysis of gonadotropins, sex hormones, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B. Genetic confirmation is obtained only in 20-30% cases. The essence of treatment is induction of puberty and fertility.



Introduction
Kallmann syndrome, one of the most common causes of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (accounting for approximately 50% of cases) is the result of deficient production and secretion of the GnRH neurohormone leading to a decreased activity of the gonads. The majority of patients also suffer from the lack or severe dysfunction of the sense of smell (hyposmia or anosmia). Kallmann syndrome is the result of abnormal development of GnRH neurons. During organogenesis of the hypothalamus and olfactory bulbs the migration of neurons differentiating into the olfactory bulb or GnRH-secreting cells is disordered (1, 2).
The prevalence of Kallmann syndrome is estimated to be 1: 10,000 in boys and very low, 1: 50,000 in girls (1). Kallmann syndrome is difficult to diagnose in girls in early life due to a significant variety of clinical, hormonal and genetic symptoms. The syndrome is usually diagnosed in adolescent girls or only in adulthood due to the difficulty in differentiating Kallmann syndrome from other causes of delayed puberty or absence thereof.
Classic Kallmann syndrome is inherited in an X-linked autosomal dominant pattern (mutation of the KAL 1 gene); however, autosomal recessive inheritance has also been confirmed. In addition, the rare occurrence of this syndrome has been reported (1, 2). According to the literature over 25 different genes correlated with Kallmann syndrome have been identified (FGFR1, FGF8, CHD7, SOX10) (2). A genetic link has been confirmed in only 20-30% of cases (3).
Main components of Kallmann syndrome in adolescent girls and young adult women:
1. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, absence of or a decreased sense of smell in the majority of affected individuals, disordered secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones by the gonads, clinical absence of or delayed puberty, no signs of puberty in girls after 13 years of age (child-like proportions of the body, absence of breast development – Tanner stage I).
2. Other concomitant dysfunctions:
– hearing impairment,
– cleft lip and/or palate, dental agenesis,
– kidney and heart defects,
– skeletal system anomalies,
– eunuchoid body proportions,
– malocclusion/gothic palate (1-5).
Case report
A 23-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Endocrinology of the Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (CKMP) in order to determine the cause of primary amenorrhoea. The patient had been under the care of a paediatric endocrinology ward and clinic by 19 years of age. She was born from a normal full-term pregnancy with normal body mass and length. She had a normal psychomotor development, although a severely decreased sense of smell was observed already in early childhood. At 14 years of age symptoms of adrenarche appeared, small acne lesions appeared on the face and pubic and axillary hair developed, without other signs of puberty. Olfactory dysfunction was found in the patient’s grandmother and brother. Hearing impairment was also diagnosed in the brother. Due to the lack of menses endocrinological assessment was conducted at 16 years of age. It revealed child-like body proportions, absence of breast development (Tanner stage I), the presence of axillary and pubic hair as well as normal body mass and height. Hormone tests demonstrated a very low estradiol level – 8.93 pg/ml and low levels of gonadotropins: FSH – 4.15 IU/l, LH – 2.56 IU/l. In an LHRH test an increase of the LH level from 2.31 up to 36.0 IU/l in 30 minutes and an increase of the FSH level from 3.52 up to 10.6 IU/l in 90 minutes were observed.
Delayed puberty was diagnosed and hormone replacement therapy was introduced (Estrofem, Estrofem mite). During the treatment regular menses occurred. Breast development took place around 19 years of age after 3 years of treatment. Hormone replacement therapy was discontinued after 6 years in 2015. No menstrual bleeding has appeared since then.

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Piśmiennictwo
1. Laitinen EM, Vaaralahti K, Tommiska J et al.: Incidence, phenotypic features and molecular genetics of Kallmann syndrome in Finland. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6: 41; http://www.ojrd.com/content/6/1/41 (dostęp z dnia: 26.10.2016).
2. Boehm U, Bouloux P, Dattani M et al.: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism – pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11: 547-564.
3. Skałba P, Guz M: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in women. Pol J Endocrinol 2011; 62: 560-567.
4. Kaplan JD, Bernstein JA, Kwan A et al.: Clues to an early diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome. Am J Med Genet Part A 2010; 152A(11): 2796-2801.
5. Rabijewski M, Zgliczyński W: Etiopatogeneza, rozpoznawanie i leczenie hipogonadyzmu u mężczyzn. Pol J Endocrinol 2009; 60: 222-233.
6. Chellakooty M, Schmidt IM, Haavisto AM et al.: Inhibin A, inhibin B, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in 473 healthy infant girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3515-3520.
7. Marshall WA, Tanner JM: Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 1969; 44: 291-303.
8. Marshall WA, Tanner JM: Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child 1970; 45: 13-23.
9. Harrington J, Palmert MR: Clinical review: distinguishing constitutional delay of growth and puberty from isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: critical appraisal of available diagnostic tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 3056-3067.
10. Au MG, Crowley W, Buck C: Genetic counseling for isolated GnRH deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 346: 102-109.
11. Hatipoglu N, Kurtoglu S: Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013; 5: 217-223.
12. Bin-Abbas B, Conte FA, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL: Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and micropenis: effect of testosterone treatment on adult penile size why sex reversal is not indicated. J Pediatr 1999; 134: 579-583.
13. Dunkel L, Quinton R: Transition in endocrinology: induction of puberty. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170: 229-239.
14. Dwyer AA, Phan-Hug F, Hauschild M et al.: Transition in endocrinology: hypogonadism in adolescence. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173: 15-24.
15. Lawaetz JG, Hagen CP, Mieritz MG et al.: Evaluation of 451 Danish boys with delayed puberty: diagnostic use of a new puberty nomogram and effects of oral testosterone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 1376-1385.
16. Ankarberg-Lindgren C, Kristrom B, Norjavaara E: Physiological estrogen replacement therapy for puberty induction in girls: a clinical observational study. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 81: 239-244.
otrzymano: 2016-11-03
zaakceptowano do druku: 2016-11-30

Adres do korespondencji:
*Katarzyna Bornikowska
Department of Endocrinology Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education Bielański Hospital
Cegłowska 80, 01-809 Warszawa
tel. +48 (22) 569-05-29
wrzosek.k@wp.pl

Postępy Nauk Medycznych 12/2016
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