*Elwira Siewiec1, Urszula Puchta1, Lukasz Szczerbinski1, Anna Citko2, Hady Razak Hady3, Adam Jacek Kretowski1, 2
Genetics in obesity
Predyspozycje genetyczne rozwoju otyłości
1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
2Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
3Ist Department of General and Endocrinological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
Streszczenie
Otyłość jest jednym z najistotniejszych problemów współczesnej medycyny na całym świecie. Dotychczas uważano, iż rozwój otyłości jest ściśle uwarunkowany czynnikami środowiskowymi, jednak aktualne badania wykazały znaczenie genetycznych czynników w rozwoju choroby.
Praca poglądowa przedstawia aktualny stan wiedzy na temat genetycznych predyspozycji rozwoju otyłości. Przedyskutowano mono- i poligenową formę otyłości oraz podkreślono znaczenie badań asocjacyjnych całego genomu (GWAS), które dostarczają nowych informacji dotyczących patomechanizmu choroby.
Baza Pubmed została przeszukana pod względem artykułów odnoszących się do tematu podłoża genetycznego rozwoju otyłości, które ukazały się w latach 2005-2018.
Niezbędne jest dalsze pogłębianie wiedzy z zakresu genetyki otyłości, co pozwoli na zrozumienie mechanizmów molekularnych rozwoju choroby, która dotyczy milionów ludzi na całym świecie, jednocześnie pozwalając na rozwój nowoczesnych sposobów leczenia.
Summary
Obesity is one of the biggest problems of modern medicine. Recently it has evolved from epidemic to a global pandemic. Previously obesity was generally considered as a disease induced mostly by environmental factors but in recent years a lot of studies has shown that genetics may play important role in the development of the disease.
In this review we describe current knowledge of the genetics of obesity. We discuss monogenic forms of obesity, characterize polygenic or “common” obesity, and emphasize genome-wide association studies for obesity-related traits, which provided new insights into the genetics and physiology of obesity.
Pubmed was searched for articles relevant to genetic background of obesity published between 2005 and 2018. Some earlier applicable articles were also consulted.
Knowledge of obesity genetics has still to be explored, to enable an understanding the molecular mechanisms of a disorder that affects hundreds of millions of people, providing new advances in the management of a disease for which no effective treatment, apart from surgery, currently exists.
Introduction
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is escalating rapidly worldwide, emerging as one of the most serious public health challenges (1). Worldwide, roughly 40% of adults are overweight and 10-15% are obese (2). Overweight and obesity, respectively are associated with high risk of many chronic diseases, inclusive of type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular events (3, 4). The prodigious effort in the search to understand the physiological basis of obesity still needs to be taken.
Obesity emerges from the interactions between genetic profile and environmental risk factors. For instance, some of the “obesogenic environment” features are physical inactivity, excessive caloric intake, what results in an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, and other such as medications, socioeconomic status, and feasibly novel factors like endocrine disruptors, the gastrointestinal microbiome or deficiency of sleep (5, 6). It is said that environmental factors are major causes of the obesity epidemic. The relative contribution between environmental aspects and genetic predisposition is still poorly understood. Wide interindividual discrepancy in body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) observed under comparable environmental conditions can only be ascribed to a genetic susceptibility to the condition. Therefore, obesity emerged as one of the most heritable human traits. However, this heritability can be inflected by various environmental factors (7). The comprehension of the genetic causes linked to obesity susceptibility may explain some of the underlying biology and may give rise to possible prevention and new treatments methods. Although, studies that involve twins and family subjects, have suggested that 40-70% of the interindividual discrepancy in obesity risk and BMI can refer to genetic factors, the exploration of obesity susceptibility loci has only recently started to be prosperous (8, 9).
Review
Monogenic obesity
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