© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 1/2012, s. 28-33
*Anna Pfeffer1, Małgorzata Chodakowska1, Krzysztof Czyżewski1, Tomasz Gabryelewicz1, Elżbieta Łuczywek1, Małgorzata Mossakowska2, Katarzyna Broczek3, Maria Barcikowska1
Ocena rozpowszechnienia otępienia wśród warszawskich stulatków – badanie populacyjne
The Prevalence of Dementia in Warsaw Centenarians: a Population – Based Study**
1Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences/CSK MSWiA
Head of Department: prof. dr hab. med. Maria Barcikowska
2International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland
Head of Department: prof. dr hab. med. Jacek Kuźnicki
3Department of Clinical Geriatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Head of Department: prof. dr hab. med. Krzysztof Galus
Streszczenie
Wprowadzenie. Wraz z odnotowywanym w ostatnich latach wzrostem populacji osób stuletnich wzrosła liczba badań oceniających rozpowszechnienie otępienia w tej grupie wiekowej. Jednak ich wyniki są niejednoznaczne (od około 30% do prawie 100%).
Cel pracy. Celem pracy była ocena rozpowszechnienia otępienia w populacji warszawskich stulatków.
Materiał i metody. W okresie od czerwca 2002 roku do czerwca 2004 roku przebadano 83 osoby (71 kobiet, 12 mężczyzn śr. wieku 101.1 lat) z Programu Badania Polskich Stulatków mieszkających w Warszawie. Rozpoznanie otępienia było stawiane przy użyciu ogólnie przyjetych kryteriów klinicznych.
Wyniki. 65 (78,3%) badanych osób mieszkało z rodzinami, 4 (4,8%) w domach pomocy społecznej. 45 (54,2%) stulatków miało wykształcenie podstawowe (38 kobiet), 11 (13,3%) wykształcenie wyższe (10 kobiet). Otępienie stwierdzono w 66,3% (55 osób w tym 49 kobiet). Wśród osób z otępieniem u 74,5% rozpoznano chorobę Alzheimera. Kobiety bez otępienia miały istotnie styatystycznie częściej wyższe wykształcenie niż kobiety z otępieniem (31,8% vs. 6,1% P = 013).
Wnioski. W badanej grupie wiek pozostaje nadal czynnikiem ryzyka rozwinięcia się otępienia (otępienie nie dotyczyło wszystkich stulatków). U kobiet wyższe wykształcenie może stanowić czynnik protekcyjny.
Summary
Background. Along with the centenarian population increases in recent years a number of centenarian studies have investigated the prevalence of dementia. These studies reported dementia prevalence rates to range from 30 to100%.
Aim. To estimate the prevalence of dementia in individuals aged 100 years and older.
Material and methods. Centenarians from Polish Centenarians Programme, who living in Warsaw and who did not refuse assessment of cognitive impairment were investigated from June 2002 to June 2004, 83 persons (71 women, 12 men; mean age 101. 11). Dementia was clinically diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria, Alzheimer’s disease using NINCS/ADRDA criteria and vascular dementia using ICD 10 criteria. The severity of dementia was classified using Global Deterioration Scale (GDS).
Results. 65 (78.3%) participants lived with their families, 4 (4.8%) were institutionalized. 45 (54.2%) centenarians had primary education (38 women), 11 (13.3%) participants had higher education (10 women).
Among 28 (33.7%) non-demented centenarians 8 were classified as cognitively normal, 20 with cognitive impairment without dementia. Dementia was diagnosed in 55 (66.3%) participants (49 women). Among them 60% of the demented patients were affected by mild or moderate dementia (GDS 4 or 5). Clinically diagnosed AD accounted for 74.5% of all dementia cases.
Higher education was present significantly more frequent among women with dementia in comparison to women without dementia (31.8% vs. 6.1%, p < 0.05).
Conclusions. In this study dementia is common but not universal finding. The high early education tended to be associated with a lower risk of developing dementia among women.
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that age is the primary risk factor for developing all types of dementia. The prevalence of dementia increases proportionally with age and doubles every 5 years, starting from 1% between 60 and 64 years of age through 21% between 85 and 90 years, up to 40% in the group of 90-94 years old (1, 2). Consequently, it might be suspected, that almost all persons aged 100 and over should be endangered by dementia. However, the above studies did not cover persons over 95 as a separate group due to very small sample sizes. Moreover, not all results of studies on the prevalence of dementia in the oldest old support the assumption of linear increase in dementia prevalence with age. Some studies have shown that the prevalence of dementia in the age group of over 95 rises to 60-70% (3, 4). In other studies, it has been proved that the prevalence increases up to the age of 90 years, then it starts to decline in persons aged 90-94, and reaches a plateau of 40% beyond the age of 95 years (5, 6).
Due to the fact that, until recently, centenarians have been very rare, centenarian studies were infrequent in the past. Along with the increase of centenarian population in recent years, a number of centenarian studies have investigated the prevalence of dementia. These studies reported dementia prevalence rates ranging from 30 to 100% (7, 8).
In Poland, available epidemiological data on the prevalence of dementia concern exclusively age groups between 65 and 84 years (9).
Aim of the study
The aim of the present study is to assess the occurrence and severity of dementia in individuals aged 100 years and older.
METHODS
This study forms a part of the Polish Centenarians Program “Environmental and genetic factors of longevity of Polish centenarians”. All centenarians were identified through the Polish General Electronic System of Population Registration. Age was verified based on birth certificates or other significant documentation or sometimes indirectly e.g. through the children’s age or the time of military service. All participants were initially contacted by post and then by telephone. All centenarians who consented to participate in the Program were visited in their homes (including nursing homes) by geriatricians. The examination record included a very detailed interview on sociodemographic features, medical history, general physical examination, simple assessment of sight and hearing, and blood tests, including serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels.
The present study included centenarians who, apart from the abovementioned examination, consented to another medical visit, consisting of neurological examination and broadened assessment of cognitive impairment. The visits were conducted between June 2002 and June 2004.
Participants
One hundred and thirty five eligible centenarians residing in Warsaw area were contacted. Thirty three of them refused to participate in the study (non-response rate 24.4%). Of the remaining 102 subjects, five were found to be ‘false’ centenarians, eight died after giving their consent but prior to the second visit, and six centenarians or their caregivers did not agree to undergo a second medical visit. The final study group consisted of 83 centenarians (71 women, 12 men) aged 100-107 (mean age 101.1, SD ± 2.1).
Sixty five participants (78.3%) lived with their families, four (4.8%) in nursing homes and 14 (16.8%) lived on their own with assistance of visiting caregivers. Forty five (54.2%) centenarians had primary education (≤ 6 years), including 38 women and 7 men, 27 (32.5%) had secondary education, including 23 women and four men, 11 (13.3%) participants had either complete or incomplete higher education, including 10 women and one man. 33 centenarians suffered from severe visual impairment, 18 from severe hearing impairment and six from both of the above disabilities.
Assessment of dementia
Preliminary assessment of cognitive impairment included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (10), and the Six Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6 CIT) (11) from the Blessed Dementia Scale. This test was chosen since, unlike the MMSE, it is entirely verbal and visual impairment does not affect performance. In screening tests, no cutoff point for the whole group was marked that would indicate cognitive impairment, and each case was analyzed individually. The reasons for that included primarily the fact, that there are no cognitive norms available for this age group, and, secondly, that there are no education norms in Poland. Furthermore, a number of factors in centenarians (sight or hearing impairment or motor handicap) may have impact on the number of points scored. The severity of cognitive impairment was classified using the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) (12), where a score GDS 1 and 2 equals no dementia, GDS 3 – mild cognitive impairment without dementia, and GDS 4, 5, 6, 7 indicate mild, moderate, severe and terminal stage of dementia, respectively. Along with the GDS, the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS) (13) was administered to help assess stages of cognitive function. The BCRS tests concentration, recent memory, past memory, orientation, functioning and self-care. The final interpretation of the individual’s cognitive status was based not only on testing data but also included information obtained from caregivers, nursing home records and clinical observation. The Geriatric Depression Scale (14) was used to assess depression. Dementia was clinically diagnosed according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (15).
Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease was determined according to National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke – Alzheimer’s disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCS/ADRDA) criteria (16), and diagnosis of vascular dementia according to the 10th Edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) criteria (17). The Hachinski scale (18) was applied for calculating an ischemic score to evaluate the risk of vascular dementia. Since for ethical and practical reasons (i.e. transportation problems) the CT examination was not feasible, all diagnoses were considered possible.
Statistical analysis
The Fisher exact test was used to test differences between the demented and non-demented group with reference to the parameters under examination. P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
Powyżej zamieściliśmy fragment artykułu, do którego możesz uzyskać pełny dostęp.
Mam kod dostępu
- Aby uzyskać płatny dostęp do pełnej treści powyższego artykułu albo wszystkich artykułów (w zależności od wybranej opcji), należy wprowadzić kod.
- Wprowadzając kod, akceptują Państwo treść Regulaminu oraz potwierdzają zapoznanie się z nim.
- Aby kupić kod proszę skorzystać z jednej z poniższych opcji.
Opcja #1
24 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego artykułu
- dostęp na 7 dni
uzyskany kod musi być wprowadzony na stronie artykułu, do którego został wykupiony
Opcja #2
59 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 30 dni
- najpopularniejsza opcja
Opcja #3
119 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 90 dni
- oszczędzasz 28 zł
Piśmiennictwo
1. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS: The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 76:465-479.
2. Hofman A, Rocca WA, Brayne C et al.: The prevalence of dementia in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980-1990 findings. EURODERM-Prevalence Research Group. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:736-748.
3. Ebly EM, Parhard IM, Hogan DB et al.: Prevalence and types of dementia in the very old: results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Neurology 1994; 44: 1593-1600.
4. Graves AB, LarsonEB, Edland SD et al.: Prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in the Japanese-American population of King County, Washington State: the Kame Project. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 760-771.
5. Wericke TF, Reischies FM: Prevalence of dementia in old age: clinical diagnoses in subject aged 95 years and older. Neurology 1994; 44: 250-253.
6. Ritchie K, Kildea D: Is senile dementia „age-related” or ageing related”? Evidence from meta-analysis of dementia prevalence in the oldest old. Lancet 1995; 346: 931-934.
7. Hagberg B, Alfredson BB, Poon LW et al.: Cognitive functioning in centenarians: a coordinated analysis of results from three countries. J Gerontol Psychol Sci 2001; 56B: P141-P151.
8. Blansjaar BA, Thomassen R, Van Schaik HW: Prevalence of dementia in centenarians. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15: 219-225.
9. Gabryelewicz T: The prevalence of dementia in the population of Warsaw district Mokotów from 65 to 84 years. Psychiatria Polska 1999; 33: 353-366.
10. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 3: 189-198.
11. Brooke P, Bullock E: Validation of a 6 item cognitive impairment test with a view to primary care usage. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 11: 936-940.
12. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, deLeon MJ et al.: The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1136-11399.
13. Reisberg B, Ferris SH: Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS). Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 629-36.
14. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL et al.: Development and validation of a geriatric depression rating scale: A preliminary report. J Psychitr Res 1983; 17: 37-49.
15. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 1994.
16. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M et al.: Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939-944.
17. World Health Organisation: Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99). In: The international classification of diseases. 10th rev. Geneva: World Health Organisation 1992; 311-388.
18. Hachinski VC, Iliff LD, Ailhka E et al.: Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol 1975; 32: 632-637.
19. Beregi E, Klinger A: Health and living conditions of centenarians in Hungary. Int Psychogeriatr 1989; 1: 195-200.
20. Silver MH, Jilinskaia E, Perls T: Cognitive functional status of age-confirmed centenarians in a population-based study. J Gerontol Psychol Sci 2001; 56B: P134-P160.
21. Andersen-Ranberg K, Schroll M, Sci M et al.: Healthy centenarians do not exist, but autonomous centenarians do: a population-based study of morbidity among Danish centenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 900-908.
22. Ravaglia G, Forti P, De Ronchi D et al.: Prevalence and severity of dementia among northern Italian centenarians. Neurology 1999; 53: 416-418.
23. Asada T, Yamagata Z, Kinoshita T: Prevalence of dementia and distribution of ApoE alleles in Japanese centenarians: an almost-complete survey in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44: 151-155.
24. Andersen-Ranberg K, Vasegaard L, Jeune B: Dementia is not inevitable: A population-based study of Danish centenarians. J Gerontol Psychol Sci 2001; 56B: P152-159.
25. Sobel E, Louhija J, Sulkava R et al.: Lack of association of apolipoprotein E allele ?4 with late onset Alzheimer’s disease among Finnish centenarians. Neurology 1995; 45: 903-907.
26. Kliegel M, Caroline M, Rott C: Cognitive status and development in the oldest old: a longitudinal analysis from the Heidelberg Centenarian Study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001; 39:143-156.
27. Terry R, Katzman R: Life span and synapses: will there be a primary senile dementia? Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22: 347-348.
28. Silver MH, Newell K, Brady C et al.: Distinguishing between neurodegenerative disease and disease-free aging: correlating neuropsychological evaluations and neuropathological studies in centenarians. Psychosom Med 2002; 64: 493-501.
29. Snowdon DA: Healthy aging and dementia: findings from the NUN Study. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 450-454.
30. Kliegel M, Zimprich D, Rott C: Life-long intellectual activities mediate the predictive effect of early education on cognitive impairment in centenarians: a retrospective study. Aging and Menthal Health 2004; 8: 430-437.
31. Itoh Y, Yamada M, Suematsu N et al.: An immunohistochemical study of centenarian brains: a comparison. J Neurol Sci 1998; 1: 73-81.