© Borgis - New Medicine 2/2007, s. 27-30
*Wojciech Chalcarz, Sylwia Merkiel, Katarzyna Wandelt
ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY INTAKE IN WOMEN WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS – PRELIMINARY REPORT
Food and Nutrition Department of the Eugeniusz Piasecki
University School of Physical Education in Poznan
Head of the Department: Dr hab. Wojciech Chalcarz, prof. nadzw. AWF
Summary
Summary
The study was carried out on a group of 10 women in the third trimester of pregnancy suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus. Dietary intake was assessed from a seven-day food record. The analysis included the intake of energy, macronutrients, water, vitamins and minerals. The diet of the studied population did not meet the nutritional recommendations. Pregnant women should be educated on nutrition during pregnancy, especially those affected by diabetes mellitus.
INTRODUCTION
Gestational diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders occurring during pregnancy [1]. It is characterized by increased insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion [2, 3]. Treatment of women with gestational diabetes mellitus is of vital importance not only because of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother, but also because of adverse influence on the fetus´ growth and future offspring´s health. Proper diet, aimed at attaining normoglycaemia [4, 5], is the basis of the therapy of women with gestational diabetes mellitus [5, 6]. The most common advice is to decrease energy intake. However, when a calorie-restricted diet is applied in pregnant women, special attention should be paid to sufficient intake of all nutrients in order to ensure proper growth and good health of the fetus.
The aim of this research was to assess dietary intake in women with gestational diabetes mellitus following a calorie-restricted diet.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The research was carried out on a group of 10 women in the third trimester of pregnancy suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus. The women were patients of a maternity ward and were on a calorie-restricted diet of 1500 kcal. Dietary intake was assessed from a food record. The studied women kept a detailed record of all foods and beverages consumed over seven consecutive days, writing the amounts in grams or using household measurements.
Daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, water, vitamins and minerals were calculated using the Dieta 2.0 computer program. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of the SPSS 12.0 PL for Windows computer program.
The research was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences.
RESULTS
The studied women were 24 to 38 years of age. Their mean height was 164.2 cm, and mean weight was 73.6 kg. Before getting pregnant their mean weight was 63.2 kg, and mean BMI was 23.5 kg/m2. Before getting pregnant one woman was obese, four were overweight, four were underweight and only one woman had appropriate weight. Of the studied women, 30.0% did not have any children, 30.0% had one child and 40.0% had two children.
Mean daily intake of energy, macronutrients and water in the studied women with gestational diabetes mellitus is presented in Table 1. The mean intake of energy was 1315 kcal and included 16.5% of energy from protein, 28.0% of energy from fat and 55.5% of energy from carbohydrates. Intake of total protein was far lower than the recommended 95 g. Intake of total fat was 41.3 g. In terms of the structure of energy from fatty acids the studied women also failed to meet the recommendations due to excess intake of saturated fatty acids, and too low intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Of a total 200.6 g of carbohydrates, 112.1 g came from starch. Intake of dietary fibre was 20.9 g, and intake of water was 1644.0 g.
Table 1. Mean daily intake of energy, macronutrients and water in the studied women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
| No. | Nutrient | Intake | Recommendations |
| 1. | Energy | [kcal] | 1315?119 | 1500[21] |
| [kJ] | 5503?499 | 6276[21] |
| 2. | Percentage of energy | from protein [%] | 16.5?1.3 | 20.0-25.0[10] |
| from fat [%] | 28.0?1.8 | 30.0-40.0[10] |
| from carbohydrates [%] | 55.5?2.3 | 38.0-45.0[10] |
| 3. | Protein | total [g] | 53.9?6.4 | 75.0-93.8[10] |
| animal [g] | 33.4?5.5 | 35.0-50.0[9] |
| plant [g] | 20.5?2.4 | - |
| 4. | Total fat | [g] | 41.3?3.5 | 50.0-66.7[10] |
| 5. | Fatty acids | saturated [g] | 16.92?3.02 | < 16.67[9] |
| monounsaturated [g] | 14.66?2.15 | 25.00[9] |
| polyunsaturated [g] | 5.86?1.83 | 11.67[9] |
| 6. | Cholesterol | [mg] | 169?33 | < 300[9] |
| 7. | Total carbohydrates | [g] | 200.6?22.7 | 142.5-168.8[10] |
| 8. | Sucrose | [g] | 29.0?5.3 | < 37.5[9] |
| 9. | Lactose | [g] | 7.2?2.9 |
| 10. | Starch | [g] | 112.1?19.6 | - |
| 11. | Dietary fibre | [g] | 20.9?3.1 | 20-35[6] |
| 12. | Water | [g] | 1644.0?209.7 | 2000-2800[9] |
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Piśmiennictwo
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