Małgorzata Palac-Siczek, Maciej Pilch, *Lidia Zawadzka-Głos
Profile of paediatric patient with nasal bone fracture
Profil pacjenta pediatrycznego ze złamaniem kości nosa
Clinical Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Head of Department: Lidia Zawadzka-Głos, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Nos należy do części twarzy, które najczęściej ulegają urazom u dzieci i dorosłych. Ocena pacjenta pediatrycznego po urazie nosa jest trudna i często wymaga wielokrotnego powtarzania badania przedmiotowego przed właściwą kwalifikacją do leczenia operacyjnego. Uraz kości nosa może być zarówno izolowany (co stanowi większość urazów nosa), jak i wchodzić w skład urazu wielomiejscowego twarzy. Ważne są czas interwencji zabiegowej oraz staranna technika wykonania zabiegu, gdyż oba czynniki implikują niejednokrotnie dalszy rozwój, a tym samym ostateczny wygląd nosa i decydują o jego dalszym prawidłowym funkcjonowaniu.
Cel pracy. Celem pracy jest określenie związku wieku oraz płci z częstością oraz mechanizmem urazu u pacjenta pediatrycznego. Analizie poddano również długość czasu potrzebnego na podjęcie decyzji o interwencji zabiegowej oraz czas hospitalizacji pacjenta w związku z tą procedurą.
Materiał i metody. Praca przedstawia analizę 54 przypadków dzieci w wieku 2-17 lat operowanych z powodu urazu kości nosa w Klinicznym Oddziale Otolaryngologii Dziecięcej Uniwersyteckiego Centrum Klinicznego w Warszawie w okresie od 1 stycznia do 31 marca 2018 roku i została oparta na dokumentacji medycznej omawianych przypadków.
Wyniki. Większość przypadków stanowili chłopcy (65%). Wiekowo dominowały 4- i 5-latki oraz 14-latki (odpowiednio po 13% przypadków). Dominującymi mechanizmami urazu były: upadek (41%), pobicie (24%) oraz uprawianie sportu (26%). Najczęściej pacjenci byli poddawani procedurze zabiegowej w 6.-8. dobie od doznanego urazu (65%), a długość okresu hospitalizacji wynosiła 2 dni (69%).
Wnioski. Uraz nosa u pacjenta pediatrycznego jest najczęściej izolowanym złamaniem kości nosa u chłopców w wieku rozwojowym. Najczęstszymi mechanizmami urazu są u takiego pacjenta bójka lub wypadek w trakcie uprawiania sportu. Złamanie kości nosa w tego typu urazie może być nastawione w przeważającej części przypadków w ciągu tygodnia od urazu, a okres hospitalizacji związany z interwencją zabiegową zwykle jest procedurą jednodniową lub nie przekracza 2 dni.
Summary
Introduction. The nose is one of the most frequently injured areas on the face both in children and adults. The evaluation of paediatric patients with nasal injury is a challenge, and it often requires repeated physical examinations before referring the patient for surgical treatment. Nasal bone injury can either be isolated (prevalent type) or constitute an element of multiple-site facial injury. Essential aspects associated with the surgical treatment of nasal bone injuries include the timing of surgical intervention and adherence to meticulous surgical technique. Both factors are often implicated in treatment outcome and hence determine the final appearance of the nose and its function.
Aim. The aim of study is to analyse the relation of patients age and sex compared to mechanism of trauma with paediatric patients. This study also analysed the length of period from injury to surgical intervention and time of hospitalization needed.
Material and methods. The present paper contains an analysis of a total of 54 cases of children aged 2 to 17 years, who were operated on because of nasal bone injury in the Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, University Clinical Centre in Warsaw, in the period from 1.01.2018 until 31.03.2018. The analysis is based on the medical records of the study patients.
Results. The majority of cases were boys (65%). With respect to age, 4- and 5-year-olds, and 14-year-olds, were the predominant subgroups (13% of all cases, respectively). The dominant mechanisms of injury included falls (41%), beating (24%) and sports activities (26%). The patients typically underwent a surgical procedure on days 6-8 after the injury (65%), and the period of hospitalization was 2 days (69%).
Conclusions. The most common nasal trauma of pediatric patient, majority boys, is the isolated fracture of nasal bone related to sports injury and beating. The fracture can be resettled mostly within one week after trauma and hospitalization takes one to two days.
Introduction
Craniofacial injuries are nowadays a significant clinical problem in the daily practice of on-call paediatric otorhinolaryngologists. This can be attributed, among others, to civilizational factors, though the pathogenesis of paediatric traumatology is diverse and varies across age groups (1).
The clinical evaluation of patients at a developmental age after an injury is a unique challenge because of the distinctive nature of the history-taking procedure and physical examination as well as anatomical differences in the affected body region and the local condition immediately post-injury compared to the adult population. Another key factor in this age group is the responsibility that weighs on the clinician making therapeutic decisions, related to the long-term sequelae of the injury itself and its management (1-3).
The nose is an anatomical subunit which, given its location, structure and prominent protrusion from the face, is most commonly affected by injuries, usually of isolated nature. However, on account of its location, the nose is subjected to forces with the same directions as those involved in the biomechanics of injuries of the maxillo-ethmoidal complex. Therefore, it is important to note that in addition to the direction of the acting force a crucial factor determining whether an injury represents the isolated or multi-site type is the intensity of that force. Naturally, in other types of craniofacial injuries the force is considerably greater (4).
There are many different classifications of craniofacial injuries. The most popular and, at the same time, the simplest and most clinically useful classification system was proposed by Renè Le Fort (4, 5) over a century ago. Le Fort divided injuries of the midface into the following types:
– Le Fort type I: horizontal maxillary fracture, separating the teeth from the upper face; the fracture line passes through the alveolar ridge, lateral nose and inferior wall of the maxillary sinus,
– Le Fort type II: pyramidal fracture, with the teeth at the pyramid base, and nasofrontal suture at its apex; fracture arch passes through the posterior alveolar ridge, lateral walls of maxillary sinuses, inferior orbital rim and nasal bones (often associated with comminuted nasal fractures),
– Le Fort type III: craniofacial disjunction; transverse fracture line passes through nasofrontal suture, maxillo-frontal suture, orbital wall, and zygomatic arch/zygomaticofrontal suture (“plate face”).
An important aspect during the laryngological examination of the youngest patients is the exclusion of multi-site injury. It is only after ascertaining that the nasal injury is isolated, and there is no direct threat to the life and health of the child, that further decisions can be made regarding injury management (4-7).
The visual and palpatory assessment of paediatric patients immediately post-injury is difficult. The absence of classic symptoms accompanying nasal injuries in adult patients – such as bleeding, crackling of bone fragments or nasal blockage and significant swelling – which mask the deformation of the structure secondary to the injury prompts the clinician to adopt the “wait-and-see” approach including close follow-up of the patient combined with symptomatic treatment of post-traumatic oedema. In the majority of cases the child is examined by a laryngologist every 2-3 days, and the repositioning of nasal bones is postponed until days 7-10 after the injury. Adherence to the above procedure ensures that a fracture is not overlooked, as it is initially obscured by rapidly growing tissue oedema, and displaced structures can be restored to their anatomical positioning.
Failure to perform repositioning of the fractured elements after nasal injury often leads to serious developmental effects including impairment of facial symmetry and aesthetics (potential disturbance of growth centres) as well as physiological disorders of the nose, sinuses and functionally related structures (tear ducts, olfactory groove) (2).
The surgical intervention itself, especially when it is performed without adequate knowledge of the specific features of the injury in children or undertaken too early, is associated with yet another clinically important aspect. Surgical intervention which is very traumatic or performed without appropriate accuracy may require re-surgery – either immediately after the injury (repair by re-repositioning) or deferred in time (rhinoplasty, septoplasty), or cause complications with a significant impact on further development of the patient (perforation of the nasal septum, abnormal craniofacial growth) (1, 2, 8).
Aim
The aim of the study is to analyze the cases of children aged 0-18 years who reported to the Clinical Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, University Clinical Centre in Warsaw, between 1.01.2018 and 31.03.2018, with a diagnosis of nasal bone fracture, and were treated surgically on an emergency basis. The study compared a number of parameters including the structure of age and sex, the mechanism of injury and its coexistence with other craniofacial injuries, the timing of surgical intervention, and the length of patient hospitalization.
Material and methods
The analysis was conducted on the basis of medical records of patients diagnosed with nasal fracture and hospitalized in the Clinical Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, University Clinical Centre in Warsaw, between 1.01.2018 and 31.03.2018 (preliminary examination, clinical follow-up, surgical protocols, and records of follow-up appointments in the laryngology outpatient clinic).
Results
A total of 54 patients aged 2 to 17 years were admitted to the Clinical Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, University Clinical Centre in Warsaw, between 1.01.2018 and 31.03.2018 (fig. 1). The group comprised 35 boys and 19 girls (65 and 35% of the study group, respectively) (fig. 2). All the children underwent surgical treatment on an emergency basis, which involved the repositioning of fractured and displaced nasal bones.
Fig. 1. Age
Fig. 2. Sex
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Piśmiennictwo
1. Gryczyńska D: Otorynolaryngologia dziecięca. Alfa Medica Press, Bielsko-Biała 2007.
2. Krzeski A: Wykłady z chirurgii nosa. Via Medica, Gdańsk 2005.
3. Behrbohm H, Kaschke O, Nawka ET, Swift A: Ear, nose and throat diseases. With head and neck surgery. Thieme, 2009.
4. Janczewski G: Otorynolaryngologia praktyczna. Tom I. Via Medica, Gdańsk 2005.
5. Janczewski G, Osuch-Wójcikiewicz E: Ostry dyżur laryngologiczny. Alfa Medica Press, Bielsko-Biała 2003.
6. Habal MB, Ariyan S: Facial fractures. Decker Inc, Baltimore 1989.
7. AL-Ani R, AL-Robaeej HH: Management of fractured nose. Tikrit Medical Journal 2011; 17(1): 119-126.
8. Krzeski A: Podstawy chirurgii nosa. Via Medica, Gdańsk 2004.
