Ponad 7000 publikacji medycznych!
Statystyki za 2021 rok:
odsłony: 8 805 378
Artykuły w Czytelni Medycznej o SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19

Poniżej zamieściliśmy fragment artykułu. Informacja nt. dostępu do pełnej treści artykułu tutaj
© Borgis - New Medicine 1/2003, s. 12-15
Leszek Bęc1, Maciej A. Karolczak1, Barbara Motylewicz1, Ewa Rogala2
Von Willebrand factor plasma levels depend on rate of hypothermia in paediatric cardiopulmonary bypass
1 2nd Department of Cardiac and General Pediatric Surgery, University Medical School of Warsaw
Head of Department: Prof. Maciej A. Karolczak
2 Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw
Summary
Background. The use of a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with a risk of endothelial damage. Von Willebrand factor (vWf) is a marker of necroses endothelial cells. High levels of vWf increase the of postoperative complications and morality. Our objective was to find any correlation between cardiopulmonary bypass and plasma levels of vWf I paediatric patients who had been operated on for congenital heart defects.
Method. 20 patients with simple congenital heart defects were operated on using a cardiopulmonary bypass. Arterial blood was sampled after induction of anesthesia, 5 minutes after commencing CPB, and at 1 hour and 3 hours after surgery finished. The plasma levels of von Willebrand factor were measured and compared to selected clinical findings? What? How? Boes thin mean known clinical data! It so, what?
Results. Von Willebrand factor plasma levels were significantly elevated in all patients 1 hour and 3 hours after surgery. We found no correlation between vWf levels and type of defect, CPB duration, aortic cross clamp ing, or reperfusion time. However, we were able to demonstrate that the observed elevation of vWF levels was almost 4-fold higher in patients cooled down to lower temperatures (15 pts; mean rectal value 27.64ą0.7°C) than in 5 patients (mean rectal temp. 30.74ą1.56°C) where only slight elevation was found. There were no differences in He postoperative course of these patients. All patients were discharged from hospital 10ą3 days after operation (median 9 days).
Conclusion. Paediatric hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with a significant elevation of von Willebrand factor plasma levels. It seems that the augmentation of vWf values could be independently associated with the rate of hypothermia.



Systemic inflammatory response is one of the most senious complications after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Many factors including proinflammatory cytokines activation, presence of endotoxin, and activated leukocytes may lead to higher endothelial permeability, with loss of fluid into the third space. Aggregation of platelets and their adhesion to the endothelial surface may cause microemboli. The process is closely related to endothelial cell damage as well as to necrosis. The plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWf) released from Weibel-Palade bodies of necrosed endothelium correlate with postoperative morbidity and mortality. This prospective study was designed to find any correlation between cardiopulmonary bypass and plasma levels of vWf in paediatric patients operated on for congenital heart defects.
Materials and method
20 patients aged from 2 months to 15 years (mean value 45.85ą54.28 months) were operated on for congenital heart defects with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in 2nd Department of Cardiac and General Pediatric Surgery, University Medical School of Warsaw, Poland between January 31st, 2000 and April 2nd, 2001. Fifteen patients were female and five were male. The spectrum of defects involved atrial septal defect type secundum/partial anomalous pulmonary vein drainage (ASD2/PAPVD; n=7), ventricular septal deffect (VSD; n=12), and anomalous origin of coronary artery from pulmonary artery (Bland-White-Gerland syndrome, BWG; n=1). The characteristics of patients are summarized in table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of patients.
Sex (M/F)5/15 
Mean age (mo.), range45.85 ? 54,28(2-182)
Mean weight (kg), range13.74 ? 10,33(3.3-42)
CPB duration (min.)66 ? 26,5 
Aortic cross-clamping time (min.)31.4 ? 19,9 
Mean temperature (rectal, °C)29.89 ? 2,19 
The extracorporeal circulation was performed using membrane oxygenators (Dideco, Mirandola, Italy). The circuit was primed with Ringer acetate (100-500 mL), 20% Mannitol (1 mg/kg), 5% Albumin (100-200 mL), 20% Albumin (100 mL), 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (20-40mL) and heparin (1 mg/kg). Fresh (max. 72 hr old) blood was used for all patients.
Anaesthesia was induced by sodium thiopental and Pipecuronium bromide and maintained with Fentanyl citrate, Izofluran and Pipecuronium bromide. Heparin (Heparinum natricum, Polfa, Warsaw, Poland) was given at a dose of 3 mg/kg after an activated clotting time of 480 seconds was achieved the cardiopulmonary bypass was commenced. The aorta was clamped and antegrade cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution (St. Thomas cardioplegic solution) at a dose of 20 ml/kg was administered. Venticular septal defects were patched with PTFE (Gore-texŽ), ASD2 were closed with direct sutures or a pericardial patch, and PAPVD with pericardial patch. The Hamilton procedure (modification of Takeuchi repair) was applied in Bland-White-Gerland syndrome. Protamine sulfate was applied to neutralize heparin. All procedures were performed by one surgeon (M.A.K.) employing bicaval cannulation technique under moderate (27-32°C) hypothermia. The perfusion rate started at 2.8 l/min/m2 and was reduced 1.0 l/min/m2 at 27°C.
Four samples (3 ml each) of blood were collected from the arterial line of each patient. A baseline sample was obtained immediately after induction of anesthesia (sample 1). Sampling was also performed 5 minutes after commencing cardiopulmonary bypass (sample 2), and at 1 hour (sample 3) and 3 hours after skin closure (sample4). The samples were then centrifuged at 2000g and plasma stored at – 70°C until immunoassay. vWf plasma level was measured using a commercially – available enzyme immunoassay kit (ELISA – von Willebrand Activity Kit, Shield Co., Germany) according to the manufacturer´s instructions. All patients´ parents gave informed written consent for participation in this study.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as the arithmetic meanąstandard deviation. All values of vWf plasma levels were examined by repeated measures. Changes in vWf plasma levels as well as clinical findings were compared with the use of the unpaired Student´s – t-test. A value of P less or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Twenty patients with mean body weight 13.74ą ą10.33kg underwent total correction of congenital heart defects with the use of a cardiopulmonary bypass. There was no early (< 30 day) mortality. All patients were discharged from hospital 10ą3 days after operation. The mean operation time (i.e. from skin incision to skin closure) was 150 ą109 min (median 135 min). The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross clamp ing time were 66ą26.5 min (median 59 min) and 31.4ą20 min (median 28 min), respectively. Comparing various types of defects (group of patients with ASD2/PAPVD vs. group of patients with VSD) there were no statistically significant differences in body weight, age type of operation, CPB and aortic cross clamping times.
vWf plasma levels were significantly diminished after the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass in all patients. They were, however, significantly elevated in 15 patients one hour and/or three hours after finishing cardiopulmonary bypass (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Elevated plasma levels of vWf in 15 patients.
In the remaining 5 patients there was only a slight elevation of vWf plasma levels 1 hour after surgery (with no statistical significance), unchanged after 3 hours (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. No significant changes in vWf plasma levels in remaining 5patients 1 hour and 3 hours after surgery.
There was no correlation between a lack of vWf plasma level elevation and type of defect, cardio-pulmonary bypass, aortic cross clamp ing time, or reperfusion times. The only significant difference (p=0.017) between patients with raised and unchanged (constant) levels of vWf factor was the rate of hypothermia (27.64ą0.7°C vs. 30.74ą1.56°C, respectively) applied during CPB.
We found no differences in monitored postoperative clinical findings and parameters. The rate of mechanical ventilatory support, total blood loss (substernaldrainge), and diuresis rate did not differ between these two groups of patients. The postoperative data are shown in table 2.

Table 2. The intraoperative data and post-op. findings.
 OverallvWf elevation groupvWf constant groupStatistical significance
CPB time (min.)66.15 ? 26.5667.2 ? 20.4363 ? 43.3N.S.
Mean AoCC Time (min.)31.4 ? 19.931.2 ? 14.1732 ? 34.33N.S.
Hypothermia (°C)29.89 ? 2.1927.64 ? 0.730.74 ? 1.56p = 0.017
Total substernal drainage (ml/kg)16.94 ? 11.7817 ? 13.2716.75 ? 6.46N.S.
Mechanical ventilation (h)29.65 ? 36.3533.94 ? 40.9116.8 ? 11.94N.S.
CPB – cardiopulmonary bypass; AoCC – aortic cross clamp. Data are given as mean ąstandard deviation. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant
Discussion

Powyżej zamieściliśmy fragment artykułu, do którego możesz uzyskać pełny dostęp.
Mam kod dostępu
  • Aby uzyskać płatny dostęp do pełnej treści powyższego artykułu albo wszystkich artykułów (w zależności od wybranej opcji), należy wprowadzić kod.
  • Wprowadzając kod, akceptują Państwo treść Regulaminu oraz potwierdzają zapoznanie się z nim.
  • Aby kupić kod proszę skorzystać z jednej z poniższych opcji.

Opcja #1

19

Wybieram
  • dostęp do tego artykułu
  • dostęp na 7 dni

uzyskany kod musi być wprowadzony na stronie artykułu, do którego został wykupiony

Opcja #2

49

Wybieram
  • dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
  • dostęp na 30 dni
  • najpopularniejsza opcja

Opcja #3

119

Wybieram
  • dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
  • dostęp na 90 dni
  • oszczędzasz 28 zł
Piśmiennictwo
1. Tsang G.M. et al.: Von Willebrand factor and urinary albumin excretion are possible indicators of endothelial dysfunction in cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg 1998; 13(4):385-91. 2.Borowiec J. et al.: Bicompatibility reflected by haemostasis variables during cardiopulmonary bypass using heparin-coated circuits. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997; 45(4):163-7. 3. Holdright D.R. et al.: The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on systemic and coronary levels of von Willebrand factor. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1995; 9(1):18-21. 4. Miller B.E., Levy J.H.: The inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Cardiovasc. Vasc. Anesth. 1997; 11(3):355-66. 5. Bęc L., Karolczak M.A.: Systemic inflamatory response in cardiopulmonary bypass. Part II: leukocytes. (Article in Polish). N. Ped. 2000; 5(21):19-25. 6. Hansen P.R.: Role of neutrophils in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Circulation 1995; 91(6):1872-85. 7.Royston D.: Free radicals. Formation, function and potential relevance in anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1998; 43:315-20. 8. Niimi Y. et al.: The effects of heparin coating of oxygenator fibers on platelet adhesion and protein adsorption. Anesth. Analg. 1999; 89(3):573-9. 9. Valen G.: The search for markers of endothelial injury during open heart surgery (letter; comment). Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1996; 10(4):297-8. 10. Borgdorff P. et al.: Extracorporeal circulation can induce hypotension by blood-material contact and pump-induced platelet aggregation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2000; 120(1):12-9. 11. Despotis G.J., Joist J.H.: Anticoagulation. reversal with cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass: an update. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 1999; 13(4 Suppl 1):18-29. 12. Maquelin K.N. et al.: Disappearance of glycoprotein Ib from the platelet surface in pericardial blood during cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1998; 115(5):1160-5. 13. Primac C. et al.: Aprotinin modulation of platelet activation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operations. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1996; 61(4):1188-93. 14. Martin W. et al.: Respiratory dysfunction and white cell activation following cardiopulmonary bypass: comparison of membrane and bubble oxygenators. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1996; 10(9):774-83. 15. Kirklin J.W., Barratt-Boyes B.G. (ed.): Cardiac surgery. New York; Churchill Livingstone 1993, 62-73. 16. Le Deist F. et al.: Hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass delays but does not prevent neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion: a clinical study. Circulation 1995; 92(9):II-354-II-358. 17. Wilson I.C. et al.: Leukocyte depletion in a neonatal model of cardiac surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1993; 55:12-9. 18. Frering B. et al.: Circulating cytokines in patients undergoing normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1994; 108:636-41.
New Medicine 1/2003
Strona internetowa czasopisma New Medicine