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© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 7/2014, s. 506-509
*Michał Mączewski
Czy wysiłek fizyczny może być szkodliwy? Rozważania na podstawie oznaczeń troponin sercowych
Can exercise be detrimental? Considerations based on determinations of cardiac troponins
Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warszawa
Head of Department: prof. Andrzej Beręsewicz, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wysiłek fizyczny, szczególnie bieganie, zyskuje coraz większą popularność w społeczeństwie. Wysiłek wiąże się niewątpliwie z licznymi korzystnymi konsekwencjami zdrowotnymi, obejmującymi rzadsze występowanie chorób układu krążenia, cukrzycy, osteoporozy i depresji. Najnowsze badania wskazują, że każdy poziom wysiłku jest korzystny, od czysto amatorskiego spaceru czy joggingu po profesjonalny trening o wysokim natężeniu podejmowany przez sportowców sięgających po najwyższe laury w sporcie. Jednakże wysiłek fizyczny ma też ciemne strony, do których należą nagła śmierć sercowa w trakcie wysiłku, potencjalnie niekorzystna przebudowa serca oraz możliwość uszkodzenia serca, na co wskazuje wzrost stężenia markerów martwicy mięśnia sercowego. W artykule skupiono się na potencjalnym znaczeniu podwyższonego stężenia troponin sercowych w trakcie wysiłku fizycznego i przedyskutowano obserwacje sugerujące, że tak zwane markery martwicy mięśnia sercowego niekoniecznie wskazują rzeczywistą martwicę, a mogą być jedynie wskaźnikami bardziej nasilonej przebudowy. Dodatkowo, nawet jeśli taka martwica rzeczywiście występuje, brak przekonujących danych, że rzeczywiście wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem osób podejmujących wysiłek fizyczny.
Summary
Physical exercise, particularly running, becomes more and more popular in the society. Physical effort is undoubtedly beneficial because it decreases the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and depression. The most recent research indicates that any level of physical exercise is beneficial, from purely amateur walking or jogging to professional, high intensity training undertaken by sportsmen achieving the highest honors in the professional sport. However, physical exercise also has dark sides which include sudden cardiac death during exercise, potentially detrimental remodeling of the heart and the possibility of cardiac damage, which results in the increase in markers of cardiac muscle necrosis concentration. The article is focused on potential meaning of increased cardiac troponin concentration during physical exercise and discusses observations suggesting that the so called markers of cardiac necrosis not necessarily show the actual necrosis and can only be indicators of the intensified remodeling. Furthermore, even if such necrosis does occur, there is no definitive data to suggest that it is indeed associated with worse prognosis.



Physical exercise, particularly running, becomes more and more popular. The amount of marathon runners and short-distance runners increases. Are we threatened by Filipades1 fate?
IS PHYSICAL EXERCISE HEALTHY?
Regular, aerobic physical exercise brings unquestionable health benefits: makes keeping a healthy body mass, bone density and muscle strength easier, lowers the concentration of cortisol, increases glucose tolerance and makes lipid profile better, improves cognitive functions, lowers the risk of depression, makes the quality of sleep better, increases the release of nitric oxide by vessel endothelium, increases arterial elasticity and lowers blood pressure (1).
There is a direct dependence between the lack of physical activity and total mortality due to cardio-vascular diseases and neoplasms (e.g. colon carcinoma, breast cancer). In addition, the lack of physical exercise is a risk factor of coronary disease, hypertension (1), type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and depression and mobile rehabilitation bring numerous benefits to patients with cardiac insufficiency and lengthens lifetime of patients after myocardial infarction (2).
These benefits occur in men as well as in women, in young patients as well as in old ones (3).
The intensity of physical exercise, which brings benefits, is, however, controversial. The latest recommendations of American Cardiology Association recommend for all adults to perform at least 30-minute moderate, aerobic exercise five days a week or a 20-minute intensive aerobic effort three times a week (4). In addition, the recommendations report that the shape of the exercise – benefits curve is not known, which means that the effects of a very intensive exercise are not yet discovered. Some authors suggest that the exercise dose – benefits curve has its maximum and curves at the point of a very intensive exercise (e.g. marathon training or the marathon itself), which means that such effort can bring more harm than benefits.
Latest research suggest, however, that the more the better. The research performed in Taiwan among general population showed that every 15 minutes more of exercise daily is connected with the decrease in mortality by 4% (5). Members of the runner club at the age above 50 (the average age 59 at the moment of the beginning and 78 at the end of observation): the risk of death in a 19-year observation 15 vs 34% in the control group and better quality of life. What is curious, not only was the mortality due to cardio-vascular diseases lower but also due to neoplasms and the greatest difference concerned infections as the cause of death! (3).
In addition, against the concerns, former members of Tour de France (1947-2012) – the most demanding cycling race in the world – live longer than the average for the population (6). In a retrospective cohort study 15 174 sportsmen from nine countries, who got medals in the Olympic Games in years 1896-2010, had longer life time by 2.8 years than the control group of people, who were not sportsmen (7). This effect was stronger in sportsmen performing endurance training that in sportsmen representing power disciplines. Similarly in another epidemiological research there was a longer lifespan of Olympic Games 1920-1965 participants in comparison to control group (8).
The above data suggest that even professional sportsmen of the highest level, which requires many hours of exercise exceeding the recommended pro-health values of time and intensity, gain benefit of lengthening their life time. Does this mean that physical exercise does not bring any dangers or unbeneficial effects?
UNBENEFICIAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Physical exercise, particularly very intensive one, such as long-distance running, is connected with some health threats. They may be divided into three groups: sudden cardiac death during exercise or soon after its end, heart rebuilt occurrence (so called sportsman heart) and cardiac damage (which results in function worsening and so called cardiac muscle necrosis markers occurrence in blood).

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Piśmiennictwo
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otrzymano: 2014-04-09
zaakceptowano do druku: 2014-06-03

Adres do korespondencji:
*Michał Mączewski
Department of Clinical Physiology Medical Center of Postgraduate Education
ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warszawa
tel. +48 (22) 569-38-41
maczmich@cmkp.edu.pl

Postępy Nauk Medycznych 7/2014
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