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© Borgis - Postępy Nauk Medycznych 4/2018, s. 236-240 | DOI: 10.25121/PNM.2018.31.4.236
Daniel Slezak1,*Klaudiusz Nadolny2, 3, Andrzej Basinski4, Jerzy Robert Ladny2, Kamil Krzyzanowski1, Blazej Andrejanczyk5, Przemyslaw Zuratynski1
Fluid resuscitation in pre-hospital care
Resuscytacja płynowa w opiece przedszpitalnej
1Emergency Medicine Workshop, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
2Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
3College of Strategic Planning, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
4Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
5Department of Medical Rescue and Physiotherapy, Plant of the Medical Rescue, Pomeranian Academy in Slupsk, Poland
Streszczenie
Płynoterapia stanowi ważny aspekt opieki medycznej nad osobami, u których konieczne jest wyrównanie objętościowego poziomu krwi. Prawidłowe wykonanie terapii płynowej przyczynić się może do otrzymania zadowalających końcowych wyników leczenia. Najlepszą formą płynoterapii jest terapia zbilansowana. Do przeprowadzenia płynoterapii wykorzystuje się zarówno koloidy, jak i krystaloidy, których charakterystyka określa przypadki, kiedy dokładnie powinny być one stosowane. Badania wykazują negatywne aspekty płynoterapii w późniejszych etapach leczenia. Płynoterapia jest ważną i – w wielu sytuacjach klinicznych – niezastąpioną metodą opieki nad pacjentem. Prawidłowe, oparte na doświadczeniu zawodowym ratownika, a także na doniesieniach ze świata nauki, przeprowadzenie terapii płynowej przyczynia się do polepszenia końcowych wyników leczenia osoby poszkodowanej. Pomimo wiedzy na temat korzyści wynikających z zastosowania płynoterapii w praktyce, dalej jest ona metodą, która wymaga poprawy oraz dalszego udoskonalania.
Summary
Fluid therapy he constitutes the important aspect of the medical care above persons, at which leveling the volume level of blood is necessary. Normal performance of therapy płynowej to contribute perhaps to receive satisfying final results of the treatment. With soundness fluid therapy there is balanced therapy. For the conduct fluid therapy colloids are being used as well as krystaloidy which characteristics are describing cases when exactly they should be applied. Examinations are showing negative aspects fluid therapy in more late stages of the treatment. Płynoterapia she is important and, in many clinical situations, with irreplaceable method of the patient care. Correct, based on the professional experience of the lifeguard as well as on notifications from the world of science, conducting therapy is contributing to improve final results of treating the injured person. In spite of the knowledge about resulting benefits from the application płynoterapii in practice, farther she is a method which requires the improvement and the further improvement.



Water constitutes 45-65% of the total human body weight. The amount of water depends mainly on the age of the individual. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain homeostasis of the human body as homeostasis excludes any disturbances in the functioning of the organism, including the disturbances caused by loss of water or other body fluids. Due to some diseases, prior clinical surgeries, and injuries, it may be necessary to externally support the physiological functions of the body by means of delivering fluids through the circulatory system in order to maintain its proper functioning. In the medical field, such activities are called fluid therapy (1).
The main goal of fluid therapy is the supplementation of the vascular bed, which consequently contributes to a stabilization of preload. A significant advantage of fluid therapy is the almost immediate body response. The procedure is undoubtedly justified by the positive reaction (a stabilized pulse, general beneficial effects on health, an increased blood pressure values) to fluids. However, if the patient’s condition deteriorates immediately after such a positive reaction, the medical team performing fluid therapy should continue it by further delivering fluids and simultaneously diagnose the cause of their loss (2).
Nowadays, fluid therapy is mainly associated with the tasks performed by doctors and nurses specialized in anesthetics. The reason is that fluid therapy is one of the most frequent methods applied in the professional tasks of this group of specialists. However, this therapy is also applied as a part of prehospital- and hospital treatment, e.g. in emergency medicine departments (3). Fluid therapy is used when it is required to stabilize blood volume and restore a proper level of oxygen content in cells and tissues. Moreover, fluid therapy is perceived as a justified supplementary procedure in cases of threat of life or health in order to stop the potential coagulation disorders and to protect proper physiological renal functions.
In spite of the significance of fluid therapy, which is undoubtedly an important element of patient’s care when fluid therapy is required, medical professionals emphasizes other equally important aspects called ABC. According to them, it is necessary to secure the respiratory tract, providing ventilation if required in the specific situation, and to secure circulation by means of using two or more peripheral venous access elements.
– A – B – airway – breathing,
– C – circulation (4).
The basic indications for the application of fluid therapy in the treatment of an injured patient are traumas causing loss of blood or other body fluids. In both prehospital care and hospital emergency treatment, traumas are one of the major indications for including fluid therapy in the process of treatment. Hypotension (caused by a hemorrhage, a serious dehydration or other factors) also constitutes a clear reason to apply fluid therapy while providing assistance in hospital emergency departments. Moreover, basic recommendations also include continued prehospital treatment activities and further actions in the form of fluid resuscitation in cases of e.g. sudden cardiac arrest (5). Apart from the above mentioned indications, there are more to be found in the specialized literature. Frequent indications for fluid therapy include:
– shock: any types of shock. The most frequent is the hypovolemic shock. The group also includes the anaphylactic shock and the septic shock,
– burns: a loss of liquids caused by a higher permeability of blood- and lymphatic vessels,
– dehydration caused by an increased loss of liquids due to e.g. diarrhea, vomiting. It is especially in pediatric patients that these factors are serious because of the risk of a sudden life threat condition,
– other cases of liquid deficiency in the body (6).
A formulation of the major indications for fluid therapy in an injured is a crucial assistance for the individuals who provide medical care. In spite of numerous articles and case studies, fluid therapy remains the subject of further new research and discussion. One of the main aspects considered in the context of fluid therapy is the proper selection of the infusion fluid (7).
The selection of the infusion fluid in fluid therapy
The current literature considers the best infusion fluid available on the market. The major requirements identified by medical professionals are:
– the fluid should improve perfusion after the application of a low volume of the fluid,
– the fluid should have a beneficial effect on the oxygen management (i.e. the levels of oxygen uptake and delivery to the body),
– the fluid should be composed of elements defined by other regulations (pH, electrolyte volume),
– the fluid should have as long duration of action as possible (8).
Crystalloids
Crystalloids are infusion fluids composed of electrolytes or carbohydrates. The major indications for the application of crystalloids in fluid therapy are securing basic demand for liquids, compensating for losses of liquids, and eliminating electrolyte disorders in the organism. Inspite of the significant role of this group of fluids in the fluid therapy procedures, there are numerous negative aspects having a direct impact on the condition and the life parameters of the patient. The most important issue related to crystalloids is that the solution remains in the bed for a very short time. It has been estimated that, about 60 minutes after the injection, there is only 20% of the initial volume of the fluid in the vessels. It is caused by the possibility of diffusion through capillaries. About 80% of the volume delivered to the patient remain outside of the blood vessels and do not compensate for the losses. Another aspect of crystalloid-based fluid therapy that can be unpleasant to the injured is the risk of edema caused by a high amount of sodium in the solution. Currently, the most frequent crystalloids are e.g.:
– 5% glucose,
– 0.9% NaCl,
– Ringer’s lactate,
– Ringer’s solution,
– multielectrolyte fluid,
– sterofundin.
They are all characterized by a close relationship of plasma content to ions. In cases of loss of electrolytes caused by vomiting and diarrhea, 0.9% NaCl fluids are recommended (9). Nowadays, there are numerous medical products that meet the requirements on the Polish pharmaceutic market. One of the leading producers is Baxter. Natrium Chloratum 0.9% (Baxter) is an example of a ready and balanced fluid used in cases of serious loss of electrolytes.
Colloids
Another group of fluids applied in fluid therapy is the group of colloids. Their major feature is that they elevate oncotic pressure and, as a consequence, water is transported to blood vessels. This phenomenon provides a very effective and prompt therapeutic effect. As estimated in the literature, 1 l of colloids equals 4 l of crystalloids. Despite the effectiveness of colloids, the indications for their use are insufficient supply of crystalloids and any contradictions related to the application of crystalloids (e.g. the risk of pulmonary edema).
Colloids have been divided into two groups based on their origin, i.e.:
– natural colloids, e.g. albumins,
– synthetic colloids (gelatins, starch solutions, and dextrans).

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Piśmiennictwo
1. Machała W: Optymalna płynoterapia. Praktyczne rozważania nad płynoterapii. Anest Ratow 2017; (wydanie specjalne nr 1): 1-8.
2. Dąbrowski W, Rzecki Z: Płynoterapia w urazach ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Anest Ratow 2017; 11(4): 436-443.
3. Witt P: Bezpieczna linia infuzyjna. Nursing in Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care 2017; 3(2): 125-126.
4. Zielińska M, Zieliński S: Co nowego w płynoterapii okołooperacyjnej u dzieci? Sepsis 2012; 5(1): 17-20.
5. Czembik P: Impact of fluid therapy on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Anest Ratow 2017; 11: 342-347.
6. Wujtewicz M: Leczenie płynami w oddziale anestezjologii i intensywnej terapii. Anest Intens Ter 2012; 44(2): 103-107.
7. Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL et al.: Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41: 1529-1537.
8. Gruartmoner G, Mesquida J: Fluid therapy and the hypovolemic microcirculation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2015; 21(4): 276-284.
9. Guła P, Machała W: Postępowanie przedszpitalne w obrażeniach ciała. PZWL, Warszawa 2015.
10. Moczulski D: Płynoterapia pooperacyjna: poradnik dla specjalności zabiegowych. Medical Tribune Polska, Warszawa 2016.
11. Chang R, Holcomb J: Optimal fluid therapy for traumatic hemorrhaging shock. Critical Care Clin 2017; 33(1): 15-36.
12. Wang H, Robinson R: Benefits of Initial Limited Crystalloid Resuscitation in Severely Injured Trauma Patients at Emergency Department. J Clin Med Res 2015; 7(12): 947-955.
13. Driessen A: Prehospital volume resuscitation – Did evidence defeat the crystalloid dogma? An analysis of the TraumaRegister DGU® 2002-2012. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016; 24: 42.
14. Wise R, Faurie M: Strategies for Intravenous Fluid Resuscitation in Trauma Patients. World J Surg 2017; 41(5): 1170-1183.
15. Furmanik F, Kopanski Z: Burns in children. J Public Health Nurs Med Rescue 2018; 1: 34-40.
16. Lejeune D, Platt T, Stoy W: Ratownik medyczny. Elsevier Urban and Partner, Wrocław 2013.
17. Jędrys J: Oparzenia. Resuscytacja płynowa u ciężko oparzonych na wczesnym etapie leczenia. mp.pl, 2015; https://nagle.mp.pl/chirurgia/112889,oparzenia-resuscytacja-plynowa-u-ciezko-oparzonych-na-wczesnym-etapie-leczenia (data dostępu: 29.07.2018).
18. Machała W: Płynoterapia w oparzeniach, prezentacja multimedialna; http://www.machala.info/site,120.html (data dostępu: 29.07.2018).
19. Hołowiak R, Więcławek M: Resuscytacja płynowa we wstrząsie hipowolemicznym. Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy 2010; 6: 75-83.
otrzymano: 2018-07-12
zaakceptowano do druku: 2018-08-02

Adres do korespondencji:
*Klaudiusz Nadolny
Department of Emergency Medicine Medical University of Bialystok
37 Szpitalna Str., 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
Phone: +48 513082398
E-mail: knadolny@wpr.pl

Postępy Nauk Medycznych 4/2018
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