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© Borgis - New Medicine 4/2015, s. 122-124 | DOI: 10.5604/14270994.1191783
*Lidia Zawadzka-Głos, Agnieszka Obarska
Effect of duration of intubation on post intubation laryngeal changes in children
Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Head of Department: Lidia Zawadzka-Głos, MD, PhD
Summary
Introduction. The post intubation complications of the larynx very rare occur in children and they are connected to many factors. We divide the post intubation complications into early and late complications.
It can cicatrized leading to stenosis of subglottic area and in a posterior commissure of the larynx. The endoscopic examination of the changes during prolonged intubation allows us to evaluate the progression of the lesions. The incidence of chronic changes usually is connected with performing tracheotomy in a child in order to keep the patency of the respiratory tract.
Aim. The purpose of the study was an analysis of intubated children who had undergone post intubation complications and a definition the dependence of duration of intubation upon an occurrence of the complications.
Material and methods. A group of 92 children with post intubation complications was analysed. The post intubation complications were the reason of performing a tracheotomy in these children. In each child endoscopic assessment of the larynx and trachea in a general anesthesia was carried out. The duration of the intubation was analysed in each of the examined child.
Results. Tracheostomy due to post intubation complication unable physiological breathing was performed in 92 children. A duration of intubation ranged from 10 to 120 days. Post intubation lesions were related to the duration of intubation. As longer the time of the intubation was, the more serious was the character of changes. More serious changes were observed in premature born children.
Conclusions. Duration of intubation is the major risk factor of the occurrence of post intubation lesions. Prematurely born children who underwent prolonged intubation have worse prognosis. The character of the changes is connected to duration of intubation.



INTRODUCTION
The post intubation complications of the larynx very rare occur in children and they are connected to many factors. The complications could be temporal or they could permanently change the anatomical conditions of the larynx. We divide the post intubation complications into early and late complications. The early complications of the mucosa are nonspecific such as congestion and edema with inflammatory infiltration. The edema of the soft tissue could involve laryngeal vestibule, vocal cords or could localize in subglottic area of the larynx. The continuation of intubation could lead to ulceration and granulation of the mucosa. The ulceration usually occur in posterior part of the larynx, in medial part of the arytenoid, cricoarytenoid joints and anterior part of the cricothyroid membrane. The deep ulceration of perichondrium and cartilage is replaced by late complications such as scars, causing stenosis of the larynx. Granulation tissue often forms in a posterior commissure and subglottic area of the larynx. Occasionally it can cicatrized leading to stenosis of subglottic area and in a posterior commissure of the larynx. The endoscopic examination of the changes during prolonged intubation allows us to evaluate the progression of the lesions. The deep ulceration of wide surface of the posterior part of the glottis and subglottic area are the major risk factor of the chronic larynx changes occurrences and scars, destructing the larynx (1-3). In such cases the decision to carry out tracheotomy should be taken. The chronic post intubation lesions include cicatrix and post intubation granuloma. The scars could occur at any level of the larynx, but predominantly the subglottic area and commissure posterior are predisposition to such changes. The incidence of chronic changes usually is connected with performing tracheotomy in a child in order to keep the patency of the respiratory tract.
AIM
The purpose of the study was an analysis of intubated children who had undergone post intubation complications and a definition the dependence of duration of intubation upon an occurrence of the complications.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study involved a group of 92 children, who developed post intubation complications of the larynx during an intubation. The tracheotomy was performed for the reason of upper respiratory patency impairment. The larynx endoscopic examination revealed the presence of post intubation changes such as edema, ulceration and scars. The analysis of a group was made regarding the duration of the intubation.
RESULTS
The analysis of duration of intubation and of developmental age of the child at the day of birth, turned out to be interesting. Among all the examined children a division was made to the children who were born on time and the children who were prematurely born. The mean time of intubation of children, who were born on time, was 24.6 days, in comparison to the mean time of intubation of prematurely born children, which was more than twice longer and it was 54.8 days. In examined group of children, prematurely born children required a longer intubation in comparison to children who were born on time.

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Piśmiennictwo
1. Chitose S, Umeno H, Nakashima T: Endoscopic surgical treatment of posterior glottic stenosis. J Laryng Otol 2009; 123 (suppl. 31): 68-71. 2. Connolly KM, McGuirt WF Jr: Avoiding intubation in the injured subglottis: the role of heliox therapy. Ann OtolRhinolLaryngol 2001; 110(8): 713-717. 3. Jorgensen J, Weil JL, Sykes KJ et al.: Incidence of and risk factors for airway complications following endotracheal intubation for bronchiolitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007 Sep; 137(3): 394-399. 4. Hoeve LJ, Eskici O, Verwoerd CDA: Therapeutic reintubartion for post-intubation laryngotracheal injury in preterm infants. Int J Ped Otorhinolaryn 1995; 31: 7-13. 5. Supance JS, Reilly JS, Doyle WJ et al.: Acquired subglottic stenosis following prolonged endotracheal inmtubation. A canine model. Arch Otolaryngol 1982 Nov; 108(11): 727-731. 6. Whited PE: A prospective study of laryngotracheal sequelae in long intubation. Laryngoscope 1984; 94: 367-377. 7. Sato K, Nakashima T: Histopathological changes in laryngeal mucosa of extremely low-birth weight infants after endotracheal intubation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006 Nov; 115(11): 816-823. 8. Meneghini L, Zadra N, Metrangolo S et al.: Post-intubation subglottal stenosis in children: risk factors and prevention in pediatric intensive care. Minerva Anestesiol 2000; 66(6): 467-471. 9. Gould SJ, Young M: Subglottic ulceration and healing following andotracheal intubation in the neaonate: a morphometric study. Ann OtolcRhinolcLaryngol 1992 Oct; 101(10): 815-820. 10. Whited PE: A prospective study of laryngotracheal sequelae in long intubation. Laryngoscope 1984; 94: 367-377. 11. Jones R, Bodnar A, Roan Y, Johnson D: Subglottic stenosis in newborn intensive care unit graduates. Am J Dis Child 1981 April; 135(4): 367-368.
otrzymano: 2015-10-12
zaakceptowano do druku: 2015-11-30

Adres do korespondencji:
*Lidia Zawadzka-Głos
Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Medical University of Warsaw
24 Marszałkowska Str., 00-576 Warsaw, Poland
tel./fax: +48 (22) 628-05-84
e-mail: laryngologia@litewska.edu.pl

New Medicine 4/2015
Strona internetowa czasopisma New Medicine