*Mónika Rózsa1, István Jankovics1, Ildikó Visontai1, István Barcs2
Detection of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies for measurement of Influenza vaccine immunogenicity
1National Centre for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
Head of Centre: Márta Melles, MD
2Department for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Promotion and Clinical Methodology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Head of Department: prof. István Barcs, MD, PhD
Summary
Introduction. The HA and NA proteins are in the lipid envelope of virions. The HA and NA are an integral membrane proteins and its neuraminidase activity is required for efficient release of viral particles from the infected cell. Neuraminidase activity might be measured by neuraminidase inhibition assay.
Aim. The present study is aimed at testing the usability of a new method which allow for the detection and quantification of neuraminidase inhibiting antibodies.
Material and methods. The results of the four methodologies were compared with each other: Takátsy-assay, ELISA-microneutralization assay, CPE-microneutralization assay and new neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assay lectin peanut agglutinin conjugated peroxidase (PNA) technique. Haemagglutinin inhibition is a traditional method was used as the “gold standard” in our investigations.
Human sera have been used in our studies which obtained from vaccinated people. Inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines have been in development for over 50 years in Hungary. Inactivated vaccines contain a trivalent mixture of inactivated strains of the influenza viruses likely to circulate during the next influenza season. Inactivated whole-virus influenza vaccine is administered intramuscularly. After vaccination the humoral antibody levels are detected against to influenza virus surface antigens: haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) virus-specific neutralizing antibodies to influenza viruses.
Results. After seasonal vaccination induced neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) serum antibody titers detected by PNA and the Takátsy-assay are correlated. PNA assay is a very sensitive assay, resulting in significantly higher NI titers as compared to the Takátsy-assay. NI serum titers detected by PNA and haemagglutinin inhibiting titers are highly correlated.
Conclusions. This new NI method is useful to better standardize influenza vaccines’ immunological requirements prior to their commercialisation and it can be usefully assay in microbiological labs, as it is very easy to standardize.
Introduction
There are two external glycoprotein components coded by virus genome on the surface of influenza virus particles. The HA protein is responsible for attachment and infection of the host cell and is the most immunogenic protein of the virus (1). The present study is aimed at testing the usability of a new method which allow for the detection and quantification of NA antibodies. Neuraminidase is an enzyme on the surface of influenza viruses that cleaves terminal sialic acid from sugar residues and from glycoproteins and so releases virus from the infected cells. Neuraminidase activity might be mesured by NI assay. This assay is based upon enzymatic removal by NA of the sialic acid residual of the fetuin. When a neuramindase substrate is coated on to the wells of a microplate and peroxidase conjugated peanut agglutinin recognizes and binds the free galactose, it is possible to quantitate the binding of PNA. The amount of bound PNA correlated directly with te amount of sialic acid removed from the substrate and therefore with the neuraminidase activity (2, 3). Neuraminidase inhibition (NI) test is used for the titration of antibodies against neuraminidase antigen in human sera. By reacting with specific epitopes that are located near to the enzyme active site, anti-neuraminidase antibodies are capable of inhibiting the virus induced desialylation of the substrate. Such antibodies therefore reduce the binding of peroxidase conjugated peanut agglutinin.
Aim
The present study is aimed at testing the usability of a new method which allow for the detection and quantification of NA antibodies.
Material and methods
Virus preparations (4): The following virus strain were grown in 10 day-old embrionated chicken eggs:
– A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like strain (A/New Caledonia/20/99 [IVR-116]),
– A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like strain (A/Wisconsin /67/2005 [NYMC X-161]),
– B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like strain (B/Malaysia/2506 /2004).
Preparation of hyper immune sera: Chickens were immunized intravenously and boosted 3 weeks later. Whole blood was obtained by cardiac puncture approximately 4 weeks after the boost and sera stored at -20°C. The chicken antisera were specific for the inoculating strain as demonstrated by HA and NA inhibition assay.
Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) (5): HA was quantified based on a method described by Hirst (1942) (6) and then later modified by Salk (1944) (7). This traditional method for identifying subtype of influenza isolates, and is usually more rapid than serological diagnosis.
The microneutralization assay (VN) (5): This test is a highly sensitive and specific assay for detecting virus-specific neutralizing antibodies to influenza viruses. The VN test was evaluated by ELISA or CPE (Cytopathogenic Effect) assay.
Neuraminidase inhibition assays (NI): NI test is used for the titration of antibodies against neuraminidase antigen in human sera. Neuraminidase is an enzyme on the surface of influenza viruses that cleaves terminal sialic acid from sugar residues and from glycoproteins and so releases virus from the infected cells.
Takátsy-assay (8): The NA activity and NI (9) micro-method assay based on Warren’s colour reaction (9) that modified later by Takátsy and Barb (1978). Standard TBA Assay: Neuraminidase-inhibition by antibody is measured according to the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay for the free sialic acid released from fetuin in solution. A colour development is measured.
Peroxidase-conjugated Lectin Peanut Agglutinin assay (PNA): Using fetuin as a substrate neuraminidase activity can be mesured (10). After the coating of fetuin on 96-well plates sera and standardised amount of viruses are mixed and added to the wells. After incubation and wash PNA is added, it binds to free galactose and is detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The amount of PNA that is bound is proportional to the amount of neuraminidase that is present. Changes in the NI titers of sera collected before and after vaccination with influenza virus can be observed. In 1995, a private Hungarian company, Omninvest Ltd. received a national marketing authorization for flu vaccine produced by the use of the same method, containing inactivated whole virus and AlPO4 as an adjuvant.
In this report, we used following procedure. The 96--weel microplates coated with fetuin (50 μg/ml in 0.1 M Carbonate-Bicarbonate Buffered Solution), 150 μl/well overnight at +4°C or 1 hour + 37°C. Wash with 350 μl/well PBS Buffer containing 0.5% TWEEN 20. The viruses must be standardized to have a 4 x OD value of the blank. Dilute viruses’ 2-scale and add 100 μl to each well overnight at +37°C and wash. Add 100 μl PNA (2 μg/ml in PBS) to each well and incubate 1 hour in room temperature. After washing add 100 μl OPD + UREA (substrate) to each well and the reaction then stopped by adding 100 μl/well 1N H2SO4. Read results on 492-620 nm by ELISA-Reader. Neuraminidase inhibition test: the sera ere diluted a 2-scale in PBS. A mixture of 50 μl of standardized viral suspension and 50 μl of diluted serum, overnight at +37°C and wash. Result of the PNA and OPD + UREA reaction measured were made ELISA reader as well as the virus standardization assay.
Results
The results of the four methodologies were compared with each other and with the HAI assay. HAI assay was used as the “gold standard” in our investigations. ELISA virus neutralization test and PNA NI test was the most sensitive methods and these tests are more objective results. There is a comparative study between NI Takátsy spectrophotometric methodology and the PNA system.
Powyżej zamieściliśmy fragment artykułu, do którego możesz uzyskać pełny dostęp.
Mam kod dostępu
- Aby uzyskać płatny dostęp do pełnej treści powyższego artykułu albo wszystkich artykułów (w zależności od wybranej opcji), należy wprowadzić kod.
- Wprowadzając kod, akceptują Państwo treść Regulaminu oraz potwierdzają zapoznanie się z nim.
- Aby kupić kod proszę skorzystać z jednej z poniższych opcji.
Opcja #1
19 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego artykułu
- dostęp na 7 dni
uzyskany kod musi być wprowadzony na stronie artykułu, do którego został wykupiony
Opcja #2
49 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 30 dni
- najpopularniejsza opcja
Opcja #3
119 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 90 dni
- oszczędzasz 28 zł
Piśmiennictwo
1. Lamb RA, Krug RM.: Orthomyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE et al., editors. Fields Virology, 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001: 1487–1531. 2. Montomoli E et all.: A method for detection of neuraminidase antibody in serum. International Congress Series. 2004: 1263 . 3. Lambrè CR, Terzidis H, Greffard A, and Webster RG.: Measurement of anti-influenza neuraminidase antibody using a peroxidase-linked lectin and microtiter plates coated with natural substrates. Journal of Immunological Methods. 1990: 135: 49-57. 4. Gyula T.: A purified precipitated virus obtained by a new, simple method. Acta Microbiol. Hung. 1953 5. WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network: Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza. 2011. 6. HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hirst%20GK%5Bauth%5D" Hirst GK.: Adsorption of influenza hemagglutinins and virus by red blood cells. HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/483/"J. Exp. Med. 1942:HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/issues/156529/" 76(2). 7. Salk, J.: A simplified procedure for titrating hemagglutinating capacity of influenza virus and the corresponding antibody. J. Immunol. 1944. 87-98. 49(2). 8. Gyula T, Barb K.: Adaptation of the influenza neuraminidase and neuraminidase-inhibition assays to the microtitrator system. Acta microbial. Acad Sci. hung. 1979: 63-69. 26. 9. Warren, L.: The thiobarbituric assay of sialic acids. J. Biol. Chem. 1959. 1971-1975. 234. 10. Aymard-Henry M, Coleman MT, Dowdle WR, Laver WG, Schild GC, Webster RG.: Influenzavirus neuraminidase and neuraminidase-inhibition test procedures. Bull World Health Organ. 1973. 199–202. 48(2).
