*Monika Jabłońska-Jesionowska, Małgorzata Dębska-Rutkowska, Piotr Kwast, Lidia Zawadzka-Głos
Parotitis in children hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology of the Medical University of Warsaw in the years 2010-2017
Zapalenia ślinianek przyusznych u dzieci w materiale Kliniki Otolaryngologii Dziecięcej WUM w latach 2010-2017
Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Head of Department: Associate Professor Lidia Zawadzka-Głos, MD, PhD
Streszczenie
Wstęp. Wyróżniamy ostre i przewlekłe zapalenia ślinianek przyusznych. Ostre spowodowane są infekcją wirusową lub bakteryjną. Przewlekłe obejmują zapalenia nawrotowe, zapalenia w przebiegu kamicy, zapalenia związane z występowaniem naczyniaków oraz jako objaw chorób autoimmunologicznych.
Cel pracy. Celem pracy była analiza zmian zapalnych występujących u dzieci w obrębie ślinianek przyusznych.
Materiał i metody. W latach 2010-2017 w Klinice Otolaryngologii Dziecięcej Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego z powodu obrzęku i bólu ślinianek przyusznych hospitalizowano 30 dzieci. Oceniano wiek, płeć, etiologię zapalenia, lokalizację zmian, wyniki badań dodatkowych oraz współwystępowanie innych chorób.
Wyniki. Przyczyną hospitalizacji był obrzęk i ból ślinianki przyusznej. Wiek dzieci wynosił od 1. miesiąca do 15. r.ż. (średni wiek wynosił 4,2 lata). U 11 dzieci stwierdzono obustronne występowanie zmian, u 19 – jednostronne. U 7 dzieci rozpoznano ostre zapalenie ślinianek przyusznych. Stwierdzono u nich podwyższone wykładniki stanu zapalnego oraz powiększone węzły chłonne lub ropień w obrębie ślinianki w badaniu USG. U 20 dzieci rozpoznano nawrotowe zapalenie ślinianek. U tych dzieci w okresie zaostrzeń nie stwierdzano podwyższonych wykładników stanu zapalnego. W badaniu ultrasonograficznym stwierdzano ogniska hipoechogeniczne. U 11 dzieci rozpoznano choroby o podłożu autoimmunologicznym. U 3 dzieci rozpoznano naczyniaki limfatyczne lub krwionośne. W żadnym przypadku nie stwierdzono kamicy lub pneumoparotitis.
Wnioski. Zapalenie ślinianek przyusznych rozpoczynające się pomiędzy 3. a 4. rokiem życia może być zapaleniem nawrotowym. Rozpoznanie nawrotowego zapalenia ślinianek można postawić na podstawie objawów klinicznych, zmian w badaniu ultrasonograficznym oraz braku podwyższonych wykładników stanu zapalnego. Obustronne, nawracające zapalenie ślinianek przyusznych wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem występowania chorób o charakterze autoimmunologicznym; zapalenia ślinianek wyprzedzają ich początek. Dzieci z nawrotowym zapalen
Summary
Introduction. Parotitis can be divided into chronic and acute parotitis. Acute parotitis is caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Chronic parotitis includes chronic recurrent parotitis, parotitis due to sialolithiasis, parotitis related to angiomas, as well as parotitis as a symptom of autoimmune diseases.
Aim. The aim of the study was to analyze the inflammatory changes in parotid salivary glands in children.
Material and Methods. Between 2010 and 2017, 30 children were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology of the Medical University of Warsaw due to the swelling and pain of a parotid gland . Age, gender, etiology of the disease, location, laboratory findings, and comorbidities were assessed.
Results. The cause of hospitalization was swelling and pain of a parotid salivary gland. The age of children ranged from 1 month to 15 years of age (mean age was 4.2 years). In 11 children, bilateral parotitis was diagnosed, in 19 children, the lesions were unilateral. In 7 children, acute parotitis was diagnosed. In these patients, elevated inflammatory markers, enlarged lymph nodes, or an abscess of the gland in the ultrasonographic examination was observed. In 20 children, chronic recurrent parotitis was diagnosed. In these patients, no elevated inflammatory markers were observed during exacerbations. In ultrasound, hypoechogenic foci were observed. Eleven children were diagnosed with autoimmune diseases. Three children were diagnosed with lymphangioma or hemangioma. None of the patients suffered from sialolithiasis nor pneumoparotitis.
Conclusions. Parotitis that have its onset between 3 and 4 years of age may be recurrent parotitis. The diagnosis of chronic recurrent parotitis is based on clinical symptoms, ultrasound signs, and lack of elevated inflammatory markers. Bilateral chronic recurrent parotitis is related to an incre

Introduction
Parotitis in children is a complex clinical problem. It is characterized by a high number of possible ethiological factors and unpredictable clinical course (1-4). Parotitis can be divided into chronic and acute parotitis.
Acute parotitis in children is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. The most common viral etiological factor is mumps virus (2). Other causes include mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as adenoviruses, Coxsackie viruses, influenza virus, and HIV. Bacterial acute parotitis is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus viridans (2).
Chronic parotitis is less common than the acute one. Chronic parotitis can be divided into the so-called chronic recurrent parotitis, parotitis due to sialolithiasis, and parotitis related to angiomas in the gland. Even less often, parotitis is a manifestation of a systemic or autoimmune disease, such as: sarcoidosis, Sjögren syndrome, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid disorders (1, 2). Moreover, pneumoparotitis can sometimes occur, which can be idiopathic or related to an increased pressure in the oral cavity, most often occurring during balloon blowing, gum chewing, and as a result of professional exposure, for example in trumpeters and glassworkers. In children, pneumoparotitis occurs very rarely (1, 5-7).
Chronic recurrent parotitis in children is a rare disease with a multifactorial and unclear etiology. It is believed that the causes include congenital anomalies of parotid glands and their ducts, as well as recurrent infections, allergies, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune reactions (2, 8). The role of immunoglobulin IgA is underlined, as its deficiency may lead to chronic parotitis. IgA is an immunoglobulin produced by mucous membranes, including oral and respiratory mucosa. It is thought that chronic recurrent parotitis coexists with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, such as asthma and celiac disease (3, 8). Chronic recurrent parotitis is diagnosed in children aged from a few months to 15-17 years of age. The most common symptom is painful swelling of one or two parotid glands without purulent discharge from duct orifice, as well as increased body temperature. The symptoms last for a few days and they resolve spontaneously, reoccurring with various frequency, from a single recurrence to several episodes a year. The diagnosis of chronic recurrent parotitis is often delayed by several months or even years, as the first episode is usually diagnosed as acute parotitis. In parotid ultrasound, characteristic lesions in the form of small hypoechogenic foci are observed, which correspond to parotid duct dilation (3, 4, 9-12). In some cases, chronic recurrent parotitis resolves spontaneously at the onset of puberty – it is then referred to as juvenile recurrent parotitis (2). Treatment method is dependent on the number of recurrences and the severity of clinical symptoms. Between the symptomatic periods, chewing gum, lemon sucking, and other salivary stimulants are advised. It is also recommended to massage and heat the gland, which enables the saliva to liquefy (2, 12). During exacerbations with significant swelling and fever, it may be advisable to introduce antibiotic treatment to prevent adhesions (2, 9, 11-14). In case of a large number of exacerbations and severe symptoms, sialoendoscopy with corticosteroid irrigation of the gland or with sialography, which, in this case, is probably not only diagnostic, but also therapeutic, may be recommended (2, 9, 11-14). The aim of the procedure is to widen parotid ducts or to induce the inflammation of the gland, which result in the exclusion of a part of the gland from saliva production (2, 9, 11-14). Treatment methods also include ligation of the parotid duct and partial superficial parotidectomy. Surgical treatment methods are controversial due to the risks of general anesthesia, the risk of facial nerve paralysis, as well as uncertain clinical outcome with possible recurrence during puberty (2, 9, 12-14).
Aim
The aim of the study was to analyze the inflammatory changes in parotid salivary glands in children, with particular regard to etiology, laboratory findings, and clinical outcome of chronic recurrent parotitis.
Material and methods
Between 2010 and 2017, 30 children were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology of the Medical University of Warsaw due to parotitis. For 12 children, the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology was the first place where they reported to with salivary gland problems. Another 18 children had previously been treated and diagnosed by other departments or their pediatricians. In all the children, sialadenitis was localized in parotid glands. Age, gender, etiology of the disease, location, laboratory findings, and comorbidities were assessed. Laboratory studies included blood count, inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP), serum amylase. Ultrasound examination of the parotid glands was performed. Children with recurrent parotitis had additional tests performed, depending on the number of episodes. The tests included: rheumatoid factor in serum, serum IgA immunoglobulin, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA). In these children, additional endocrine, gastroenterological and rheumatology consultations were planned.
Results
The cause of hospitalization for all 30 children (17 boys and 13 girls) was swelling and pain of a parotid salivary gland. In 12 children (40%), the symptoms were accompanied by elevated body temperature. In 3 children (10%), purulent discharge from duct orifice was observed. Eleven children (36%) were diagnosed with bilateral parotitis, and another 19 (64%) – unilateral parotitis.
Powyżej zamieściliśmy fragment artykułu, do którego możesz uzyskać pełny dostęp.
Mam kod dostępu
- Aby uzyskać płatny dostęp do pełnej treści powyższego artykułu albo wszystkich artykułów (w zależności od wybranej opcji), należy wprowadzić kod.
- Wprowadzając kod, akceptują Państwo treść Regulaminu oraz potwierdzają zapoznanie się z nim.
- Aby kupić kod proszę skorzystać z jednej z poniższych opcji.
Opcja #1
19 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego artykułu
- dostęp na 7 dni
uzyskany kod musi być wprowadzony na stronie artykułu, do którego został wykupiony
Opcja #2
49 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 30 dni
- najpopularniejsza opcja
Opcja #3
119 zł
Wybieram
- dostęp do tego i pozostałych ponad 7000 artykułów
- dostęp na 90 dni
- oszczędzasz 28 zł
Piśmiennictwo
1. Baszis K, Tolb D: Reccurent parotitis as a presentation of primary pediatric Sjorgren syndrome. Pediatrics 2012; 129(1): 179-182.
2. Shott SR: Salivary disease in children. In: Cotton RT, Myer ChM (eds.): Practical pediatric otolaryngology. 1st ed., Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Philadelphia 1999: 693-710.
3. Shkalim V, Monselise Y, Mosseri R et al.: Recurrent parotitis in selective IgA deficiency. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15(3): 281-283.
4. Leerdam CM, Martin HCO, Isaacs D: Recurrent parotitis of childhood. Journal of J Ped Child Health 2005; 41(12): 631-634.
5. Martín-Granizo R, Herrera M, García-González D et al.: Pneumoparotid in childhood: report of two cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 57(12): 1468-1471.
6. Moënne KB, Cordero JT, Poli CH: Pneumoparotitis or pneumoparotid: a differential diagnosis to consider. Rev Chilena Infectol 2009; 26(6): 555-559.
7. Feure F, Plouin Gaucon I, Tavernier L et al.: A rare presentation of reccurent parotid swelling: self-inducted parotitis. Int J Ped Otol 2009; 4: 29-31.
8. Akar HH, Patıroglu T, Duman L: A selective IgA deficiency in a boy who presented recurrent parotitis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 2014; 4(2): 144-146.
9. Zenk J, Schneidre H, Koch M et al.: Current management of juvenile recurrent parotitis. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep 2014; 2: 64-69.
10. Narsimha RVV, Putta BJH, Kurthukoti AJ: Juvenile recurrent parotitis in children: Diagnosis and treatment using sialography. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014; 32(3): 262-265.
11. Schorr B, Mandel L: Diagnosing juvenile recurrent parotitis. Case Reports. N Y State Dent J 2016; 82(1): 36-39.
12. Capaccio P, Sigismund PE, Luca N et al.: Modern management of juvenile recurrent parotitis. J Laryngol Otol 2012; 126(12): 1254-1260.
13. Nahlieli O, Shacham R, Shlesinger et al.: Juvenile recurrent parotitis: a new method of diagnosis and treatment. Pediatrics 2004; 114(1): 9-12.
14. Roby BB, Mattingly J, Jensen EL et al.: Treatment of juvenile recurrent parotitis of childhood: an analysis of effectiveness. JAMA Otol Head Neck Surg 2015; 141(2): 126-129.